Small Type RS-14

When looking for a useful and you can valid appliance, not just necessary for various other populations also in which the proposed foundation construction are going to be confirmed, a few big desires was in fact into the desire. “The RS-fourteen demonstrates brand new brevity, readability, and simple rating which have been defined as extremely important characteristics when deciding on tools for usage with teens” (Pritzker and Minter, 2014, p. 332). New RS-14 “will additionally bring specifics of the latest trend and you may profile off resilience utilizing an available everywhere measure of resilience which often commonly allow reviews with earlier in the day and you will coming browse,” and that “can give help evidence it is good psychometrically sound size to assess individual strength into the a long time of teens and young adults” (Wagnild, 2009a; Pritzker and you will Minter, 2014).

Moreover, Yang et al

Looking far more monetary version loveagain benzeri uygulamalar of the Strength Level, coming down completion time, and you can design far more especially for explore with teenagers, Wagnild (2009a) modified new RS-twenty five to14 circumstances. New brief “RS-fourteen size contains fourteen notice-statement products mentioned with each other a great eight-point get measure between ‘1-highly disagree’ so you’re able to ‘7-highly consent.’ Large ratings try an indication off strength level. According to the writers, results are computed by the a summary from reaction thinking for each product, for this reason enabling score in order to include 14 to 98.” Scores below 65 mean lower resilience; ranging from 65 and you will 81 let you know moderate resilience; more than 81 was translated because the higher amounts of resilience (Wagnild and you can More youthful, 1993; Wagnild, 2009b, 2014).

Using principal components analyses supported a single-factor solution; remaining in the RS-14 scale were those items with all item factor loadings >0.40. Reported psychometric properties of the RS-14 have demonstrated sound psychometric properties comparable to those of the RS-25: evidence of a one-factor structure was found and high reliability (coefficient Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90 and greater 0.96) and a strong correlation with the full version (r = 0.97, p = 0.001) were obtained (Wagnild, 2014). The overall factorability of the RS-14 demonstrated a robust one-factor measure of resilience, which has been replicated and has been confirmed in different studies and in the adaptations of this version for different countries (Wagnild, 2014). For instance: German ? = 0.91 (Schumacher et al., 2005); Portugal ? = 0.82 (Oliveira et al., 2015); Finland ? = 0.87 (Losoi et al., 2013); Japan ? = 0.88 (Nishi et al., 2010); China ? = 0.92 (Tian and Hong, 2013); Korean ? = 0.90 (Kwon and Kwon, 2014); Spain ? = 0.79 (Heilemann et al., 2003); Italian ? = 0.88 (Callegari et al., 2016); and Greek ? = 0.89 (Ntountoulaki et al., 2017). (2012) “examined the measurement invariance of the RS?14 in samples of U.S., Chinese, and Taiwanese college students and supported a one-factor model that demonstrated scalar invariance across cultures” (Yang et al., 2012). The short version RS-14 has been tested regarding its structure and it was found that results are not always totally consistent. Some discrepancies exist between findings of different studies; for instance the Brazilian version with 13 items (Damasio et al., 2011) or 12 items in the Portuguese adaptation for adolescents (Oliveira et al., 2015), and in the German Version 11 items (Schumacher et al., 2005). These discrepancies can eventually result from sampling issues: some studies used participants from very different developmental phases (Damasio et al., 2011), and others used participants <13 years old, an option that is not appropriate given that the authors of the RS advise against the use of the scale with participants from earlier ages (Wagnild, 2009b; Pritzker and Minter, 2014).

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